Today was a very bad day all the way around, and an additional $6 million bucks to the bad guys to boot.
Italy's RansomMarch 9, 2005; Page A20
Americans join Italians in mourning the death of Italian secret service officer Nicola Calipari, whose funeral was held in Rome on Monday. Agent Calipari died a hero last Friday, reportedly using his body to shield freed journalist/hostage Giuliana Sgrena from gunfire as their car approached American troops near Baghdad Airport. So perhaps Ms. Sgrena will also shed a tear for the Americans and Iraqis who will die because of the ransom that was paid for her release. So far, all the world's moral anger has focused on the claim that U.S. soldiers were reckless, or even tried to "assassinate" her, as Ms. Sgrena's newspaper, the communist Il Manifesto, put it. But her claims in some interviews that her car was moving slowly and cautiously are contradicted by, well, Ms. Sgrena.
Her own account of the fateful journey, published Sunday, has them traveling so fast they were "losing control" and laughing about what an irony it would be if they had an accident after all that had happened. In other words, they probably looked like a suicide car bomber to a scared American solider who had to make a split-second decision at night. (The military declines to give figures on car bombs specifically for operational security reasons. But "explosive devices" of various kinds are by far the leading killers in Iraq, accounting for close to half of all deaths from hostile fire, and nearly twice as many as gunshot wounds.)
Arguably far more reckless was Italy's decision to pay ransom -- reportedly of $6 million or more -- to secure her release. Italy is also believed to have paid ransom for the release of two aid workers taken captive last year. The Italians know the U.S. opposes the policy, which may be why Ms. Sgrena's transfer to the airport was not sufficiently coordinated with U.S. forces. Not only does paying ransom encourage more kidnapping -- of Italians especially -- it also puts money in the hands of the enemy in a country where $40 buys an automatic rifle and $200 an attack on U.S. forces. The shooting of a speeding car at a military checkpoint in a war zone is an unintentional tragedy, but the paying of ransom amounts to a policy of deliberately aiding terrorists.
Arab island resorts are reshaping geography United Arab Emirates building 'The World' and other enclaves By Jim Krane
The Associated Press Updated: 11:40 a.m. ET March 8, 2005 DUBAI, United Arab Emirates - From the air, it's an astonishing sight: two gigantic palm trees fallen flat on the sea, which on closer inspection turn out to be an intricate network of manmade islands. And beyond the palms there's more — 300 artificial islets laid out like a map of the world. There's France, Florida, Ohio, even a mini-Antarctica baking in the 80-degree heat. The $14 billion project that is reshaping this segment of the Persian Gulf coast is the world's largest land reclamation effort and the focus of one of its most fanciful land rushes. It's also part of Dubai's ambitions to rival Singapore and Hong Kong as a business hub, and Las Vegas as a leisure capital. The wealthy are already snapping up the homes on offer, even though few have been built, none has been occupied, and some exist only on maps of what is still open sea. Even so, nonexistent properties are being sold and resold at serious premiums. "We have watched it from the beginning. It has just been extraordinary," said Brian Scudder of Oryx Real Estate, a Dubai firm. Scudder said the properties, listed at $780,000 to $1.4 million, have doubled in price since hitting the market in May 2003. One island sold for $35 millionThirty-three islands in the archipelago called The World, 2 1/2 miles offshore, have already sold for $7 million to $35 million each. When the entire project is complete, in five years, there will be three "palms" linked to the mainland by causeways, plus the 6-mile-by-4-mile World, to multiply Dubai's beachfront tenfold to more than 400 miles. Land reclamation for The Palm Jumeirah, the first and smallest of the archipelagoes, is finished, and construction of 4,000 apartments and homes on its 12 square miles is scheduled for completion early next year. The largest, 31-square-mile Palm Deira, has yet to rise above the sea and won't be done until at least 2009, but 4,500 of its projected 7,000 homes have already sold, according to the developer, government-controlled Nakheel. The manmade islands are not without their problems. Environmentalists say some of the millions of tons of sand and rock dropped on the seabed have buried coral reefs and oyster beds and contributed to the decline of fish stocks and turtles. The islands are also altering currents, exacerbating erosion on Dubai's natural beaches. And the hundreds of thousands of new islanders will be living just 10 feet above the waterline. Last month, giant waves swept away five workers on the Palm Jebel Ali, one of whom drowned. "If you build on a low coast like that you're exposing yourself to dramatic consequences, a high wave or high sea, or even if the sea rises," said Frederic Launay, director of World Wide Fund for Nature in Abu Dhabi. No oil, but lots of resortsDubai, one of the seven territories that make up the United Arab Emirates, is ruled by tribal sheiks — not exactly President Bush's idea of democracy — and lies in a Middle East known mainly in the West for conflict. Yet Dubai is among the world's safest cities, an alternate reality to war-ravaged Iraq 600 miles to the north. Lacking the oil that has enriched other Gulf states, this Rhode Island-sized emirate is determined to be a global business player without oil. It has scotched almost all taxes, offers luxury resorts and shopping, and is open to foreign investors and residents. Its natural assets include pale sandy beaches and almost guaranteed sunshine. "By the 1990s, all the beaches were developed. So we decided to build more," said Hamza Mustafa, assistant sales manager for Nakheel, which is controlled by Dubai's crown prince, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Sheik Mohammed ordered Nakheel to build the beach islands and personally signed off on the palm design, which maximizes beach frontage, Mustafa said. "Every grain of sand is utilized for beach," Mustafa said. For three years, the sea has bustled with barges dropping 6-ton boulders into water as deep as 70 feet, and dredgers blowing rainbows of sand sucked from the bottom. As the land has piled up, with the sand held in place by plastic membrane, Palm Jumeirah has gradually taken shape. The island's 17 fronds, some more than a mile long, are now crammed with half-built houses facing the beachfronts. Soccer star Beckham a buyerHome buyers include British soccer icons David Beckham and Michael Owen, and what Mustafa described as a list of "actors, singers and politicians" whose names he refused to disclose. Three-quarters of the buyers are foreigners, he said. Funding comes from Sheik Mohammed and other local investors, as well as the future homeowners themselves, who, in great leaps of faith, have made down payments on houses that won't exist, in some cases, for years. Sheik Mohammed spurred the boom in 2002 by decreeing that foreigners could buy homes here, but the decree has not been enshrined in United Arab Emirates law. The property boom depends on Sheik Mohammed staying in place, said Eamonn D'Arcy, a real estate economist at the University of Reading in England. "The people buying there tend to be those who don't understand the type of risk involved." Still, foreign investment is moving ahead, according to Mustafa. U.S. construction giants Parsons and Hill International are among those designing and managing projects on Palm Jumeirah, and hotel chains Hilton, Marriott, Sheraton and Fairmont have formed partnerships to open hotels there, he said. $1 billion hotel plannedPalm Jumeirah has an outer rim that is supposed to hold 23 hotels. South Africa's Kerzner International is already building Atlantis, The Palm, a $1.1 billion, 2,000-room hotel complex it says will be similar to its Atlantis hotel in The Bahamas. Together the islands will house more than 20,000 apartments and homes — some built on stilts above the water — along with 100 hotels, and marinas, theme parks, restaurants and malls.
Island-building isn't unusual by Dubai's grandiose standards. It has plans for an underwater hotel, the world's tallest skyscraper, an indoor ski slope and a gargantuan theme park supposed to be nearly as large as the city itself. The cachet of Nakheel's man-made islands already has been eclipsed by plans for a far larger project, the Dubai Waterfront, which will reconfigure Dubai's last stretch of undeveloped seashore with a city of 400,000 on manmade islands and canals.
The frenetic pace of development has utterly transformed Dubai from a sleepy trading and pearl-diving village of the 1960s to one of the world's flashiest metropolises.
Wahid Attalla, Nakheel's operations director, says there's no reason to slow down. "The world isn't going to wait for you," Attalla said. "There's demand now. So why wait?"
Family MattersIraqi Shiite Women Push Islamic Law On Gender Roles
Powerful Female Politicians Seek to Scale Back Rights; Divorce, Alimony at Issue
'Don't Defy God's Orders'
By FARNAZ FASSIHI Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
March 9, 2005; Page A1
BAGHDAD, Iraq -- Over the past two years, Fatima Yaqoub has gone from sewing dresses at home to shaping municipal policies as a councilwoman in Kathamiya, a bustling district in Iraq's capital.
Ms. Yaqoub has organized computer courses for women and traveled to Egypt for a U.S.-funded course on constitutional and human-rights law. During the Iraqi elections in January, she supervised a polling station and oversaw the counting of the ballots.
In many ways, Ms. Yaqoub, 40 years old, is emblematic of the kind of gender equality the U.S. and many Iraqis envision for the new Iraq. But the devout Shiite Muslim is part of a group of increasingly powerful female politicians seeking to erase laws that provide women with some of the same rights as men.
She favors allowing Iraqi men to have as many as four wives and repealing laws that guarantee alimony payments and child-custody rights for women in divorces. Ms. Yaqoub also believes in decreasing the amount of money women stand to gain in inheritances and removing legal barriers to the marriage of girls younger than 18 years old.
Ms. Yaqoub is in the vanguard of a major push by Iraq's Shiite religious and political leaders to introduce aspects of Islamic "Sharia" law into Iraq's legal code, especially where it concerns family matters and women's rights. Sharia is Islam's version of divine law, drawn from the Koran and other religious texts.
In Iraq's recent election, Shiite candidates won by a landslide and secured a little more than half of the 275 seats in the national assembly. When the new government meets for the first time later this month, its most immediate task will be to draft a new constitution and pave the way for a new round of elections by this December.
Islam's Place What role Islam plays in Iraq's new constitution is one of the most explosive issues facing the country's newly elected legislators. Leaders of the United Iraqi Alliance, the coalition of Shiite political parties, say they are determined to make permanent constitutional changes to Iraqi laws governing such things as marriage and divorce.
But many Iraqis, including secular Sunni Muslims whose participation in the government is considered key, are uncomfortable with a formal religious component to the government. Ethnic Kurds, who govern the northern part of Iraq with relative autonomy, may decide to ignore any religious-based laws the central government passes, say Iraqi political analysts.
The Bush administration also wants Iraq to remain a secular democracy. When Shiite leaders tried to introduce changes based on Islamic Sharia law last year, the effort was dropped after former U.S. administrator L. Paul Bremer threatened a veto.
Now that Iraq is sovereign, the U.S. no longer has direct say over domestic matters. But a senior American official in Baghdad said the introduction of Sharia law in the constitution could raise red flags. "There is a vision of where we want Iraq to be that would make sense in terms of the resources we've put into this place and our overarching goal for democracy," said the official.
Ms. Yaqoub and other women like her refer to themselves as the "Zeinab Sisters," a name given to devout Muslim women who follow the path of the Prophet Mohammad's daughter, Fatima.
Leading the Islamist sisterhood and serving as a role model for women like Ms. Yaqoub is a 46-year-old dentist-turned politician named Salama al-Khafaji.
A member of the United Iraqi Alliance, Ms. Khafaji is a popular legislator whose 17-year-old son was killed by insurgents during an attempt to assassinate her in 2003.
"Iraqi society is tribal, Islamic and very conservative," says Ms. Khafaji, sitting behind a large wooden desk in her Baghdad office and wearing a black abbaya, the traditional cloth garment that conceals all but the face, hands and feet. "Most people don't feel ownership to the existing secular family law, and we must change it to follow Sharia. Forcing secularism on our society is also a form of dictatorship."
Professional, educated women like Ms. Yaqoub and Ms. Khafaji make up about one-third of the candidates on the United Iraqi Alliance slate that swept the elections with the backing of Shiite religious leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani. They hold ministerial positions and sit on local and provincial councils and act as policy makers. And they are proving to be especially effective at promoting conservative religious agendas for the simple reason that they are women, say critics.
"It's very difficult to fight this when their women politicians are advocating Sharia. The men say, 'See, you are wrong because even these women are supporting us,' " says Narmeen Othman, a Sunni Kurd who is Iraq's minister of women's affairs and a longtime champion of women's rights in Iraq.
Sharia law varies widely across Muslim countries, depending on the interpretation of Islamic jurists. In Saudi Arabia, where the Sunni population follows the ultraconservative Wahabi sect, Sharia calls for public executions and stoning women who have committed adultery.
Conservative Shiites in Iraq say they don't want an Islamist theocracy like the clerical regime next door in Iran, but they have been making a determined push to expand the sphere of religious influence in Iraq. And they've made family law the centerpiece of their efforts. The laws affect how Iraqis marry, divorce, inherit wealth, settle child-custody disputes and how courts view women's rights. "Our position on the family status law is non-negotiable. It will be based on Sharia," says Sheikh Kashef al Ghatta, an influential Shiite politician expected to win a seat on the committee that will draft the new constitution.
The new government is expected to draw up a revised constitution by October, when Iraqis will vote in a national referendum. If two-thirds of people in any three of Iraq's 18 provinces vote against it, the constitution will be void.
Although political negotiations haven't begun in earnest yet, Shiite politicians are already seeking ways to damp opposition to changing family laws. Some political analysts say the Kurds may look the other way if the constitution guarantees them continued autonomy. Shiites also have said they would support exemptions for religious minorities such as Christians.
If they succeed, Iraq's religious parties could wind up reversing one of the region's longest-standing westernized legal traditions. Iraq first introduced its secular family status law in 1959, shortly after the republic was first established. Iraqi law does allow men to marry more than once -- former dictator Saddam Hussein still has three wives -- but only under very specific conditions, such as when one wife is unable to have children. Under the current law, child custody is automatically given to mothers but under Sharia would go to the father's family. Under Sharia a husband can prohibit his wife from leaving the country alone.
Conservative Shiites want to replace the current laws "with a vague religious code to be subjectively applied by a religious court or a judge," says Mishkat al-Moumin, the Sunni minister of environment and a constitutional lawyer by training. "This is unacceptable. We will lose every thing we have gained in terms of women's rights."
Shiite leaders such as Ibrahim Jaafari, who is now poised to be named prime minister, say they support the implementation of Sharia into family law. In a recent interview at his home in Baghdad, Dr. Jaafari said he saw no conflict between Sharia and women's rights.
Ms. Yaqoub also sees no contradiction between her recent political empowerment and the Islamist agenda she supports. She grew up in the Shiite district of Kathamiya, a busy neighborhood whose golden-domed mosque attracts worshipers from across Iraq. Her father, a water-tank repairman who fathered nine children with two wives, taught Ms. Yaqoub how to pray and recite short verses of the Koran from a young age. When she turned 9, he instructed her to cover her hair.
Religion provided structure to her life. Every summer, Ms. Yaqoub's family trekked to Karbala, a holy city for Shiites, where she helped prepare big pots of rice and lentil stew for other pilgrims. She says her father didn't want her to attend a co-educational university, so after high school she began making money by sewing dresses for neighborhood women. But unlike most Iraqi women of her generation she decided not to get married. "I had suitors but I didn't like any of them," says Ms. Yaqoub.
In the chaos that followed Baghdad's fall to U.S. forces two years ago, mosques suddenly became the only viable authority in many places, organizing charity drives, health care and neighborhood patrols. Ms. Yaqoub says she volunteered to help her mosque's religious leader, Imam Mohammad Baqir, in any way she could. Several months later, when neighborhood councils began to spring up under the guidance of the U.S. military's civil-affairs units, she says Mr. Baqir took her aside and told her the mosque wanted to nominate her. The imam said she would make a good role model for other women, Ms. Yaqoub recalls.
With the backing of the local Shiite clerics, Ms. Yaqoub advanced quickly. Soon after joining the neighborhood council she was appointed to a council overseeing affairs for the district, even serving as its president for a three-month period. Together with other council leaders she appointed Baghdad's mayor and governor.
Last August, Ms. Yaqoub also was selected as a member of the U.S.-backed interim national assembly, where she says she worked to improve women's rights "within the framework of Islam." Ms. Yaqoub formed a local social-affairs committee that escorts widows and divorced women to the courts and government offices, helping them fill out forms and claim benefits. She also began attending religious classes funded by the Ayatollah Sistani. The free classes, run by the Ayatollah's representatives, are designed to train conservative wives, mothers and teachers. Enrollment has more than tripled each semester, according to school officials.
At the Waezia school in Khathemiya, about 50 or so women clad in black recently sat on a floral carpet and listened to Sheikh Ghatta give lessons on the interpretation of Islamic texts and verses from the Koran. When the lesson turned to Sharia, the women vehemently defended religious law and argued that Shiite politicians would lose their support if they failed to implement the basics of Sharia into the constitution. "We voted for them to stay with Islam and keep our country according to Islamic values," said Samira Rezaq Karim, a 47-year-old student. "Otherwise we would vote for another list."
These days, Ms. Yaqoub carries out her work at great personal risk. Insurgents are systematically targeting people who work with the U.S. or the Iraqi government, and Ms. Yaqoub has received death and kidnapping threats. Her family's home, where she lives with her mother and brother's family, was attacked with a rocket-propelled grenade.
One day last month, Ms. Yaqoub sat at table with 30 or so other district council members discussing fuel shortages, sewage problems and garbage pickups. She proposed they should find a way to bring subsidized fuel to the poor in the neighborhood.
After the meeting, Ms. Yaqoub said that she often counsels women who are having family problems. One young woman who recently came to her was distraught because her husband planned to take a second wife. Ms. Yaqoub said she offered the woman a lesson that she had learned at the theological school. "I told her that our country has had three wars and there are not enough men for every woman to marry. So she should not be so selfish and share her husband like a good Muslim wife," Ms. Yaqoub explained. "I reminded her that God had allowed our men to take more than one wife and you don't defy God's orders."
